Forever in the Water
PFAS · aqueous environments
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05 · Citations

Sources

All claims, numerical values, and chemical reactions on this site come from the following peer-reviewed papers, books, and government / intergovernmental reports.

Peer-reviewed academic papers

  1. Martin, J. W., Mabury, S. A., Solomon, K. R., & Muir, D. C. G. (2003). Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22(1), 196–204.
    Source for PFOS BCF values in trout liver, plasma and whole body.
  2. Houde, M., Bujas, T. A. D., Small, J., Wells, R. S., Fair, P. A., Bossart, G. D., Solomon, K. R., & Muir, D. C. G. (2006). Biomagnification of perfluoroalkyl compounds in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) food web. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(13), 4138–4144.
    Trophic-level PFOS data and Charleston, SC dolphin plasma concentrations.
  3. Li, Y., Fletcher, T., Mucs, D., Scott, K., Lindh, C. H., Tallving, P., & Jakobsson, K. (2018). Half-lives of PFOS, PFHxS and PFOA after end of exposure to contaminated drinking water. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 75(1), 46–51.
    Human serum half-lives used in the decay model on the Impacts page.
  4. Houtz, E. F., & Sedlak, D. L. (2012). Oxidative conversion as a means of detecting precursors to perfluoroalkyl acids in urban runoff. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(17), 9342–9349.
    Mechanism for FTOH-to-PFCA transformation cited in Chemistry section.
  5. Trang, B., Li, Y., Xue, X.-S., Ateia, M., Houk, K. N., & Dichtel, W. R. (2022). Low-temperature mineralization of perfluorocarboxylic acids. Science, 377(6608), 839–845.
    DMSO/NaOH destruction approach summarised in Solutions.
  6. Krause, M. J., Thoma, E., Sahle-Demessie, E., Crone, B., Whitehill, A., Shields, E., & Gullett, B. (2022). Supercritical water oxidation as an innovative technology for PFAS destruction. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 148(2), 05021006.
    Source of > 99.99 % SCWO destruction efficiency figures.

Books & monograph-length references

  1. O'Hagan, D. (2008). Understanding organofluorine chemistry. An introduction to the C–F bond. Chemical Society Reviews, 37(2), 308–319.
    Authoritative review (book-length treatment) of C–F bond properties referenced on the Chemistry page.
  2. Kissa, E. (2001). Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents (2nd ed., Surfactant Science Series Vol. 97). New York: Marcel Dekker.
    Foundational reference text on the synthesis and properties of fluorosurfactants including AFFF components.
  3. Lerner, S. (2018). The Teflon Toxin: DuPont and the Chemistry of Deception. New York: The Intercept / OR Books edition.
    Book-length investigative work documenting the C8 / Parkersburg case used as our human case study.

Government & intergovernmental reports

  1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (April 2024). PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation. 89 FR 32532. https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas
  2. European Chemicals Agency (2023). Annex XV restriction report — proposal for restriction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). file:///C:/Users/njf79/Downloads/NeGRqgazDBmw0wbj5VpYaR16V.pdf
  3. U.S. Geological Survey (2023). Tap-water exposure to PFAS in the United States (Smalling, K. L., et al.). Environment International, 178, 108033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108033
  4. IARC Monographs Vol. 135 (2023). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) — Group 1; Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) — Group 2B. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon. https://www.iarc.who.int
  5. C8 Science Panel (2012). Probable link evaluations. Brookmar Inc. http://www.c8sciencepanel.org
  6. U.S. Department of Defense (2023). Inventory of installations with known or suspected PFAS releases. https://www.defense.gov